11 第8课-定语从句不一定真的是定语,而是并列句的马甲(49分钟)(第二阶段 第四课)

01 唯库学习使用指南(1分钟)
02 先导课-课程及学习方法介绍(11分钟)
03 第1课(上)-英语简单句的造句法则和基本语法概念(45分钟)
04 第1课(下)-英语简单句的造句法则和基本语法概念(39分钟)
05 第2课-说和写英文的时候,如何避免犯时态错误(60分钟)
06 第3课-英文造句的被动结构(28分钟)
07 第4课-被动语态的重点难点(30分钟)
08 第5课-最简单的长句——并列句(32分钟)
09 第6课-把句子套进另一个句子里,变身“大名词”(22分钟)
10 第7课-把一个句子连接到另一个句子上,变身“大副词”(45分钟)
11 第8课-定语从句不一定真的是定语,而是并列句的马甲(49分钟)


12 第9课-英文长句子的简化方法(49分钟)
13 第10课-如何构建长难句的主语和宾语(25分钟)
14 第11课-如何正确使用不定式短语(27分钟)
15 第12课-条件状语从句和虚拟语气(31分钟)
16 第13课-如何运用好比较结构(20分钟)
17 第14课-如何写好倒装句和强调句(16分钟)
18 第15课-介词省略句型(5分钟)

 

第二阶段, 如何造出复杂的句子。

第8课:定语从句不一定真的是定语,而是并列句的马甲

定语从句: 定语是指在句子里,专门用来修饰名词的部分, 它可以是个单词, 或者短语, 也可以是句子。

一个句子,在另一个句子里边,做定语。

或者说,你把整个定语从句, 看成一个很大很大的形容词!

所谓定语从句, 其实就是两个并列句的合并。

Captain Fawcett's first passenger was a doctor who flew from Birmingham to a lonely village in the Welsh mountains.

这句话里面,who 指的是主句提到的 the doctor, 那么, 如果按照传统语法来翻译就是: Fawcett 机长的第一个乘客是一个从伯明翰飞到南威尔士一个偏僻村子去的医生。

Captain Fawcett's first passenger was a doctor and the doctor flew from Birmingham to a lonely village in the Welsh mountains.

因为后面分句的the doctor, 其实就是主句里边的 doctor, 所以, 后面那个句子的 the doctor 就可以改成who, 然后去掉 and , 就变成定语从句了。

定语从句的连接词,叫关系词,分为两大类。

代词类关系词

1,关系代词

2,关系代词所有格

3,复合关系代词

副词类关系词

关系副词

01, 关系代词

关系代词, 顾名思义, 其作用就是代替前面的先行词。

在定位从句中作主语,宾语,表语。

代替人时, 作主语用主格who, 作宾语用宾格whom

代替物, 或代替整个句子,无论作主语还是宾语,均用which

先行词为一般名词, 关系代词引导的定语从句,称为限定性定语从句

Captain Fawcett's first passenger was a doctor who flew from Birmingham to a lonely village in the Welsh mountains. (who 作主语, 代替 doctor )

夫希特机长的第一名乘客是位医生,他从伯明翰飞往威尔士山区一个偏僻的村庄。

He is a man whom we should respect.

他是一个我们应该尊重的人。 (whom作宾语, 代替man )

注: 在美国英语中, whom作宾语时, 也可用 who 替代。

把 whom we should respect, 直接翻译成定语“我们应该尊重的” 比较好

In a few years the small workshop had become a large factory which employed 728 people ( which 作主语,代替factory )

几年之后,小铺子已经发展成了一个雇有728人的大工厂。

把which employed 728 people 直接翻译成定语 “雇有728人的 ” 比较好

Forest fires are often caused by cigarette ends which people carelessly throw away.  (which 作宾语, 代替cigarette ends)

森林火灾时常由人们随手扔掉的烟头引起。

In 1948, he want to Lake Kivu to observe a new volcano which he later named Kituro. ( which  作宾语, 代替 volcano, 而定语从句里边的 Kituro 是宾语补语 )

1948年他去了基伍湖, 对一座后来被他命名为基土罗的新火山进行观察。

作介词的宾语时, 可以将介词移动到关系词之前

一般正式的书面语, 是把介词放在关系代词前面。

Peter is a man whom i enjoy working with.

Peter is a man with whom I enjoy working.

The city in which I live is very large.

The city which I live in is very large.

若定语从句只对先行词进行补充说明,则关系词前面可加上逗号, 称为非限定性定语从句

先行词为一般名词, 但其前面已经有限定词或形容词修饰时, 其后既可用限定性定语从句, 用可用非限定性定语从句, 我们可以随意选择。

He waved desperately to his companion, who had been water-skiing for the last fifteen minutes.

他绝望地向他的伙伴挥手,他的伙伴在过去的15分钟里一直在滑水。

先行词为专有名词 (人名或地名) 及 独一性名词 (如 father, mother  . . . . )时, 因为本身就具有特殊性,其后关系代词引导的定语从句,必须是非限定性定语从句

Einstein, who was a great scientist, created the theory of relativity.

爱因斯坦这位伟大的科学家发明了相对论。

Beijing, which is the capital of China, has developed into an international city.

北京,中国的首都, 已经成为了一个国际大都市。

Among them will be Debbie's mother, who swam the Channel herself when she was a girl .

他们当中还会有德比的母亲, 她本人还是个女孩时,也曾横渡过英吉利海峡!

先行词为整个主句时, 定语从句也多是 非限定性定语从句

Jimmy is a naughty boy , which everyone knows.

吉米是一个顽皮的孩子, 这点大家都知道。

that 也可作关系代词, 取代 who, whom, which, 但 that 前不能有逗号, 也不能有介词。

This is the sort of thing that Jeremy loves.

这正是杰里米喜欢做的事情

A game that is very popular with these young swimmers is the underwater tricycle race.

这些幼小的游泳运动员非常喜爱的一种游戏是水下三轮车比赛。

先行词同时出现“人”和“物” 时。

The scientist and his inventions that the article deals with are quite familiar to us .

这篇文章里说的那位科学家和他的发明,我们都比较熟悉。

先行词是不定代词 (something , anything, nothing, everything ) 时。

I would much rather receive something that made me laugh.

我更愿意接受能让我高兴的东西

A variable is something that can be changed and controlled.

变量是能够被改变和控制的东西。 (美国加州3年级科学课本)

先行词被绝对性形容词修饰时。

(如序数词,形容词的最高级the very, the only, all, every, no 等修饰时 )

Of course, the Hubble is above the earth's atmosphere, so it will soon be sending us the clearest pictures that we have ever seen.

当然,哈勃位于地球的大气层之外, 因此,它很快就会给我们传送我们所见过的,有关行星和远距离星系的最清晰的照片。

All the students that are studying in our class is hardworking.

尽管有上述种种说法, 但游客们还是照常摘树叶和把他们的名字刻在树干上。

句子中有两个相同关系代词引导的定语从句时, 为避免重复, 其中一个用that

He works hard, which is a fact that is known to us .

他很用功,这时我们都知道的事实。

My best friend was devastated by the letter which she received that rejected her application to university.

我最好的朋友被那封她收到的拒绝她入大学申请的信打击了。

There was no trace of fingerprints, but the inspector found a dirty red bundle that contained jewellery which the old lady said was not hers.

巡官没有发现指纹,却发现了一个装有珠宝的,肮脏的红包袱。老妇人说那不是她的。

限定性定语从句中, 若关系代词作及物动词的宾语, 该关系代词可省略。 若作介词的宾语, 则将介词放在句尾,再省略关系代词。

It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen . (定语从句前省略了作宾语的关系代词 that )

这是我见过的最丑陋的头像之一。

That was all she remembered . ( 定语从句前省略了作宾语的关系代词that )

她所记得的就是这些。

The pictures it sent us were very disappointing because its main mirror was faulty!

它传送给我们的图像很令人失望,因为它的主要镜子有误差。

(定语从句前省略了作直接宾语的关系代词 which 或 that )

Peter is a man I enjoy working with.

彼得是一个我喜欢和他共事的人。

( 定语从句前省略了whom )

造句练习31

1,双语人士(bilingual )就是能说两种语言一样好的人。

A bilingual is a person who can speak two languages equally well.

2,不要和自己了解不充分的人交朋友。

Don't make friends with those whom ( who ) you do not know well.

3,要参加比赛的人必须在本周五之前报名 (sign up )。

People who want to attend the competition must sign up by this Friday.

4,Lulu买了那件她想要的价值不菲的裙子。

Lulu bought that expensive skirt which she wanted .

5,我把我银行账户里边的最后一美元花掉了。

I spent the last dollar that I had left in my bank account.

6,我喜欢我的学校,它以优良的设施闻名。

I like my school, which is famous for its excellent facilities.

7,我在聚会上遇到很多小学同学,其中一些我认不出来了。

I met many elementary schoolmates at the party, some of whom I didn't recognize.

8,彼得是个非常优秀的工程师,这点我们都知道。

Peter is a very excellent engineer, which  we all know.

9,这位是我的女朋友,她英语说得非常流利。

This is my girlfriend, who can speak fluent English.

关系代词所有格, 由代词所有格 his,her,  their, my , your , its 变化而来, 关系代词所有格 和 后面的名词, 共同作定语从句的主语,宾语。

无论代替人还是代替物,关系代词所有格均可用 whose 

修饰物, 也可用 of which

of 前面是代词的时候,不用 whose ,用 of whom

例句

Many people whose homes are in town want to live in the country.

很多家在城里的人都想住在乡下。 (whose 代替人 )

Be a man whose word is as good as your bond.

做一个说话可靠的人。 (whose 代替人 )

Success is a journey whose initial step is paved with an inner stirring.

成功是以此旅程,第一部是由内心的热情铺就的。(whose 代替物 )

这句也可以改为:

Success is a journey of which the initial step is paved with an inner stirring.

Success is a journey, the initial step of which is paved with an inner stirring.

名词/代词 + of + whom/ which 这种结构, 属于非限定性定语从句,表示从属关系。

Light is the fastest thing in the world , the speed of which is 300,000 kilometers  per second .

光是世界上最快的东西, 它的速度是每秒30万公里。 (这里的先行词speed是名词, 所以可以改成 whose speed . . .  )

The old man has three sons, one of whom is a doctor.

这个男人有三个儿子, 其中一个是医生。 (这里的先行词 one 是代词, 所以不能改成 whose one . . . . )

There are 300 college students in the small hall, most of whom are freshmen .

这个小厅里边有300个大学生,他们中的大多数是大一学生。 (这里的先行词 most 是代词, 所以不能改成 whose most . . . . . )

造句练习32

1,这是玛丽, 她的爸爸是我们学校的校长。

This is Mary, whose father is the headmaster of our school.

2,我们住在一栋老房子里,它的屋顶可能随时会崩溃( collapse )

We live in an old house whose roof may collapse anytime.

3, 这就是那台硬盘中病毒的电脑

This is the computer whose hard disk is infected with a virus.

复合关系代词 what , 是先行词和关系代词融为一体, 形成的关系代词,相当于 the thing that . 所以 , 复合关系代词引导的定语从句, 前面绝对没有先行词!

例句

What John said may be true . = The thing that John said may be true.

也可以用被动语态:

What was said by John may be true.

约翰说的可能是真的。

He was astonished at what he found.

看到的情景使他吃惊。

What 也可由 all that 取代

Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent.

现在,我们需要我们的父母, 但是他们却不在。

All that Billy told us a year ago has become true.

Billy 一年前告诉我们的事情成真了。

造句练习 33

1, 我没有听到你刚才说的, 能在说一遍吗?

I didn't hear what you just said.Could you say that again ?

2,我知道你的意思, 但是我不同意。

I know what you mean but I can't agree with you.

其他不常用复合关系代词:

01,代替人: whoever = anybody who (凡是 . . . . . 的人 ) whomever = anybody whom (凡是 . . . . . . 的人 )

02, 代替物: whatever = anything which (. . . . 的任何东西 )

03, 代替人或物: whichever = any one which / who ( 三者以上同类的任何一个 ) = either which / who ( 二者同类的任何一个)

例句: 

代词 whatever 是 what 的强调形式, 相当于 anything which

She would do whatever she wanted to. = She would do anything which she wanted to . 她想要做什么就做什么。

代词 whoever 有时 也可以视为复合关系代词, 相当于anybody who

Whoever plays with fire gets burnt. = Anybody who plays fire gets burnt.

玩火者必自焚

I 'll teach English to whoever wants to learn it. = I'll teach English to anybody who wants to learn it.

谁想学英文,我就教他。

04 副词类关系词

 

关系副词一共3种, 均有 “介词+ 关系代词 which “变化而来

where = in which ,on which ,at which 代替表地方的名词

when = in which, on which , at which 代替表时间的名词

why = for which 代替 the reason

在限定性定语从句中, where 不能省略, when 和 why 可以省略。

Mrs . Braba is talking to the manager of the local factory where the crop is processed.

布拉班太太现在正和负责通心粉加工的当地加工厂的经理交谈。

这句话里  where = in the factory = in which .在从句里边作地点状语。

There will be moments in life when you are confronted with new options.

人生中总有会面对新选择的时候。

这句话里  when = in these moments  = in which .在从句里边作时间状语。

Unsuccessful people can always find reasons why they are not doing well .

不成功的人总能找到自己表现不好的理由

这句话里  why = for these reasons  = for which  .在从句中作原因状语。

而且这个句子中,不仅可以省略why。 还可以保留why , 省略 reasons, 这是变成了一个宾语从句: Unsuccessful people can always find why they are not doing well.

这是这个句子变成了宾语从句, 但意思不变。

the way 后面的定语从句。

先行词是名词 the way 的时候, 后面的关系副词 是 in which 或者 that, 而且可省略。

1, The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.

接待她的售货员不喜欢她的那副打扮。(the way 后面省略了 in which / that )

2, I liked the way she organized the meeting.

我喜欢她组织会议的方法。 ( the way 后面省略了 in which / that )

3,I hate the way in which he stares at me .

我讨厌他那样盯着我。

4,The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas.

他们保存历史的唯一办法是将历史当作传说讲述。

注意:

上面句型中的 the way ( in which / that ) 可被 how 取代, 变成了宾语从句, 意思不变 。但用的不多, 仅需了解。

The assistant who served her did not like how she was dressed .

I liked how she organized the meeting.

I hate how he stares at me .

the way 也可作为副词连词引导方式状语从句, 详细本章第三节 “方式状语从句”部分

I admire the way you speak to your students. (定语从句)

You should do it the way you were taught. (方式状语从句)

where , when 代替的先行词作 be动词的表语是, 可省略先行词, 保留关系副词。

This is ( the place ) where he was born .  这是他出生的地方。

That is ( the day ) when he will come.  那就是他要来的日子。

某些表示时间的名词短语, 后面接着没有引导词的句子,其实就是省略了关系副词 when。

by the time, at the time , next time, every time, the first time, the day . . . . 

Every time he wanted to come into the garden he would bark until someone opened the gate .

每当它想到花园里来时, 便汪汪叫个不停, 知道有人把门打开。

By the time you read this , the Hubble's eagle eye will have sent us thousands and thousands of wonderful pictures.

等到你读到这篇文章时, 敏锐的哈勃望远镜已经为我们送来了成千上万张精彩的照片。

造句练习 34

1, 上午11点 是考试结束时间, 那时所有学生 都必须放下笔 (put down)

Eleven a.m. is the time when the exam will be over and all students must put their pens down.

2,我想知道 你今天 上午上学迟到的原因。

I want to know the reason why you were late to school this morning.

3,月球上有一个地方,是 Neil Armstrong 所踏出的第一步。

There is a spot on the moon where Neil Armstrong took his first step .

4,这是他处理问题的方法。

This is the way he handled problems. / This is how he handled problems.

5,我们有时把荒岛想象成某种阳光终日普照的天堂。

We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines.